This is only a guide on the APA style and it is not meant to replace the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, sixth edition. Only several extracts have been selected to be highlighted here. If you wish to view other samples, please refer to the APA Publication Manual. This serves only as a reference.
Article in journal, single author
Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 23, 635–647.
Article in journal, two authors
Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230–343.
Article in magazine, single author
Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song? Psychology Today, 102, 70–77.
Newspaper article
Schwarts, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economics, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Book, two authors
Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Edited book
Letheridge, S., & Cannon, C. R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual education. New York: Praeger.
ERIC document
Peterson, K. (2002). Welfare-to-work programs: Strategies for success (Report No. EDOJC-02-04). Washington D.C.: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED467985).
Entry in encyclopaedia
Imago. (2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol.10, p.79). Chicago: World Book Encyclopedia.
Report from a private organisation
Kimberly-Clark. (2002). Kimberly-Clark (Annual Report). Dallas, TX: Author.
Dissertation
Olsen, G. W. (1985). Campus child care within the public supported post-secondary educational institution in the state of Wisconsin (dare care) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madinson, 1985). Dissertations Abstracts International, 47/03, 783.
Video tape
Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). Deeper into hypnosis. (Motion Picture). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Electronic Format
Article in Internet based on printed source
Citation is done as if the writing is an article from a newspaper. Then, this is followed the retrieval statement which identifies the date and source of the retrieval.
Sahelian. R. (1999, January). Achoo! Better Nutrition, 61, 24. Retrieved from Academic Index.
Website with private organisation as author
Midwest League. (2003). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved from http://www.midwestleague.com
Chapter or section of a document
Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved from http://www.joesoccer.com
Website, government author
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from http:www.dnr.state.wi.us.org
Company information from distributed/aggregated database
Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company profile). (2003). Retrieved from Business and Company Resource Center.
Personal communication
Personal communication may comprise e-mail messages, results of interviews, speeches and telephone conversations. As such information cannot be reproduced, the information should not be included in the list of references and need to be cited as follows (example): J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000).
Citation of reference in text
To cite reference from an item in a list of references, the author-date method should be applied. Use the surname of the author (without suffix) and year of publication in the appropriate place in the text.
Example: Researches have indicated that more is expected of students in higher education (Hudson, 2001) and secondary education (Taylor & Hornung, 2002).
One author
Issac (2001) indicated in his research. In recent study, research indicates (Issac, 2001).
Two or more authors
For a work produced by two or more authors, cite both names each time a reference is made. For a work with three, four or five authors, cite the names of all authors the first time the work is referred to. Subsequently, cite only the last name and followed by et al. in later references.
For a work with unnamed author
Cite the first few words for entry in list (normally the title) and year.
Specific part of source
(Yount & Molitor, 1982, p. 19)
(Cooper, 1983, chap. 4)
Writing without author
(“ New student Center,” 2002)